Does the rut happen at the same time across the country?

No

Negative

Doesn't even happen at the same time across Texas.

starts in Oct up in northern states and after thanksgiving down in hill country.

Different in all parts of the country.
In Florida, where I grew up, early Oct. was peak rut. Most of the northern states peak about the second week of Nov. Where I lived in western Montana, the rut kicked off the last week of Nov. In Canada I would choose to hunt the second week of Nov. for peak rut. Hill Country is mid to late Nov. and South Texas is mid-Dec. I have also hunted Mexico in mid-Jan. and the rut was kicking. Local weather factors play a huge role in rut dates. It could be winter snow melt, rainy seasons or localized factors like flooding in riverbottoms that affect the dates of when does drop fawns, which obviously affects breeding dates.
I would say generally speaking, most states have their rut sometime in November.

Here's a good link to when the rut is in your area.

http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/hunt/planning/rut_whitetailed_deer/

Good information in the link above.

Where I hunt it is usually bow season and finishing up youth weekend or opening weekend of rifle season, and down south and west it is much later, all depends on region

That is a good basic link, never seen it before but seems accurate in my areas

How long you been deer hunting? Just curious. Are you just getting started?

Thats a huge Negative

In Texas you can get ruts from late Sept. on the upper Gulf Coast to some areas in the Hill Country in Mid October to November in a lot of areas of the State to late December/early January along the Rio Grande. Have a friend who hunts Southern Florida and he gets rutting activity in late July...yes late July to November. I think some areas of Miss. the rut is in January also. The link above is very good also.

Yea just started, this will be my second season. I am getting the opportunity to go hunt I Michigan November 14-18, and was just wondering if calling was going to be a good idea and if the rut would be still on.

Sometimes up north the rut is later than you'd think for fawn survival. Check with the Michigan DNR. They will have all the info that you'll need. Michigan is a big state esp with the U.P. so the rut will vary as to region. I figured by your question that you were a new hunter. The best way to learn how to deer hunt is to hunt with someone that has experience. That's how I learned. The magazines and forums will only get you so far until you are able to apply techniques in the field. Good luck, welcome to the sport and let us know how you do.

I've seen bucks in So. Texas the 15th of Jan in full rut dripping
urine and thin...I've also seen the younger bucks rutting a few does in late Nov. same area...In Mississippi I saw bucks rutting
in late Oct and early Nov...East Texas where I was raised Thanksgiving..and the weather also plays a part...plus here in
the Hill Country we have Exotics which rut on an entirely different schedule and shed their horns at different times..My
buddy w/reared in Sierra Blanca and he said that the Mule Deer
there were in full blown rut on Xmas day...Different Strokes..DD

Michigan should be similar to Minnesota, usally the last week of October, and first week in November. It can vary by, a week to ten days so it's possible, but I wouldn't count on it.

Started at my house this morning around 9:30

Was over fairly quickly though

It depends on the age of the doe. If you have a doe herd that is mostly mature, 2 or more years old, then they will come into heat sooner than a younger doe. Younger does come into heat a little later, usually 4 to 6 weeks later. But you can count on in most parts of Texas south of I-20 anytime in November the bucks are chasing does.